Abudefduf saxatilis is found in the Atlantic Ocean.^[2] Populations in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean are found from the north eastern coast of the United States south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas, islands around the Caribbean Sea, the eastern coast of Central and South America all the way to Uruguay.^[2] In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, they are found from Portugal, Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and western Africa.^[2] Juveniles are common in tide pools while adults are found over coral reefs.^[2] Sergeant majors are found at depths of 0 to 40 metres (0 to 131 ft).^[2] It has been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in both eastern and western areas, it was originally thought to be the Red Sea species Abudefduf vaigiensis which was thought to be a Lessepsian migrant from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal but it has been found that the majority, if not all, of the specimens from the Mediterranean are of A. saxatilis.^[3]

Adults can grow up to 22.9 centimetres (9.0 in) at maximum length.^[2] Normally, they would grow up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in).^[2] The largest recorded specimen weighed had a weight of up to 200 grams (7.1 oz).^[2] Abudefduf saxatilis has 13 dorsal spines, 12 to 13 dorsal soft rays, 2 anal spines, and 10 to 12 anal soft rays.^[2] This fish is white with a yellow top. It has 5 vertical stripes which are black. A faint sixth stripe might be present on the caudal peduncle.^[2] Adult males have a more bluish coloration and its stripes are less visible.^[2] There is a dark spot around its pectoral fin.